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How New Blocks Are Distributed on Ethereum: A Step-by-Step Explanation
When a new block is created on the Ethereum blockchain, it’s not just a matter of adding it to the list of existing blocks. In fact, it involves a complex process that involves multiple steps and verifications. Here’s a detailed explanation of how a new block is distributed on Ethereum:
The Creation Process
A new block is created when a miner uses their computer’s processing power to solve a complex mathematical puzzle called a “hash function.” This puzzle is designed to be difficult to solve in order to ensure that only legitimate transactions can create a new block.
Once the miner solves the puzzle and creates a new block, they send it to the Ethereum network via a special message called a “block hash.”
Verification Process
To ensure the integrity of the blockchain, the Ethereum network uses a validation process. Several important aspects of the new block are being reviewed:
- Transaction validation: The new block is verified by checking that all transactions in the block are valid and have not been previously included in another block in the chain.
- Block header verification: The block header, which contains information such as the block number, gas limit, and nonce (a unique identifier), must be properly formatted and contain a sequence of hexadecimal numbers.
- Transaction count verification: Each transaction in the block must have an incrementing counter to ensure that transactions are not duplicated or tampered with.
- Gas limit verification: The total amount of gas available for the new block must be sufficient to process all transactions.
If these checks are successful, the miner’s block is incorporated into the Ethereum network and added to the blockchain as a separate “block” or “transaction.”
New block publicity
Yes, you are right; The newly created block must announce its existence to nearby nodes. This is called “broadcasting.” Here’s how it works:
- Block headers are broadcast: Each transaction in the new block is included in a special data structure called a “block header,” which contains the above information.
- Node discovery: Nearby nodes in the Ethereum network, such as those running the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), use their built-in database or other mechanisms to discover and store copies of these block headers.
- Node verification: When a node receives a new block header, it verifies that the information matches its local copy by comparing the hashes, transaction counts, gas limits, and other details of the blocks.
If all checks pass and a node finds an exact match for the new block, it can store a reference to the block in its database. This allows nodes to verify the authenticity of all subsequent transactions that include that block as part of their chain.
How Nodes Verify a New Block
Once a node receives a new block header and verifies its contents, it can begin validating subsequent blocks on the network. Here are some important steps to verify a new block:
- Transaction Validation: The node verifies that each transaction contained in the new block is valid and complies with Ethereum’s rules for adding transactions to the blockchain.
- Block Header Comparison: The node compares its local copy of the block header with the new block header received from other nodes and ensures that all the information matches.
- Gas Limit Validation: The node verifies that the total amount of gas available for future blocks in the chain is sufficient to process all transactions.
- Hash Function Verification: The node verifies that the hash of the new block matches the expected value and ensures that the puzzle has been solved correctly.
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