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Verifying eth_call results with cryptographic proofs for L1s and L2s
As the adoption of decentralized applications (dApps) on the Ethereum network continues to grow, ensuring the trustworthiness and integrity of static call (eth_call) requests is becoming increasingly important. Currently, the data returned from these calls can only be as trusted as the node or service that provides them, which may not always be the case.
In this article, we will explore how cryptographic proofs can be used to verify the results of eth_call requests in both Layer 1 (L1) and Layer 2 (L2) networks.
Understanding Ethereum’s L1 and L2 Networks
Before diving into the world of cryptography, it is important to understand the two main layers that make up the Ethereum network:
- Layer 1 (L1)
: This refers to the core blockchain, which is responsible for executing smart contracts. The L1 network is decentralized, meaning there are no intermediaries and all transactions are recorded in a public ledger called the Block Explorer.
- Layer 2 (L2): This layer acts as an intermediary between the L1 network and the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). It allows for faster transaction processing times, lower fees, and improved scalability. The L2 network is also decentralized.
The Unverified Data Problem
When using eth_call requests to access smart contracts on the L1 network, there are several potential problems that can arise:
- Data Tampering: A malicious actor could potentially tamper with the data returned by an eth_call request.
- Lack of Authentication: The Ethereum node or service providing the data may not be authenticated, making it difficult to verify its integrity.
Using Cryptographic Proofs for Verification
To address these issues, cryptographic proofs can be used to verify the results of eth_call requests on both L1 and L2 networks. Here are a few ways you can implement this:
L1 Network
Using Web3.js with JSON-LD and GraphQL
Web3.js is a popular JavaScript library that enables interaction with the Ethereum blockchain. Using JSON-LD (JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data) and GraphQL, you can create a decentralized application (dApp) on the L1 network that provides a secure way to access smart contracts.
“javascript
// Import the required libraries
const Web3 = require('web3');
const jsonld = require('json-ld');
// Set up your Ethereum node or service
const web3 = new Web3(new Web3.providers.HttpProvider('
// Define a function to execute an eth_call request with JSON-LD and GraphQL
async function executeEthCall(request) {
// Create a GraphQL request using the json-ld library
const schema = new GraphQLSchema({
typeDefs: [
{
type: 'Request',
arguments: {
contractAddress: { type: 'String' },
contractFunctionName: { type: 'String' }
},
resolve: async (parent, arguments) => {
// Execute the eth_call request
const result = await web3.eth.call({
to: args.contractAddress,
data: args.contractFunctionName,
from: '0xYOUR_PROJECT_ID'
});
return JSON.parse(result);
}
}
]
});
// Use GraphQL'sexecuteQuerymethod to execute the query
const response = await schema.executeQuery({
request: {
request:
request {
contractAddress: ${args.contractAddress}
contractFunctionName: ${args.contractFunctionName}
}
`,
variables: args
}
});
return JSON.parse(response.data);
}
// Example usage:
const request = { contractAddress: ‘0xYOUR_CONTRACT_ADDRESS’, contractFunctionName: ‘myContractFunction’ };
executeEthCall(request).then((result) => console.
