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Ethereum: Why doesn’t Bitcoin use UDP to do Blockpropagation?

Published by Terlumun Aondover on February 11th, 2025.

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The Missing Link: Why Ethereum Doesn’t Adopt UDP for Block Propagation

When it comes to distributed systems, there are several protocols in use, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. One such protocol that has gained a lot of attention in recent years is Ethereum’s transition from TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) to UDP (User Datagram Protocol). While Bitcoin uses TCP for peer-to-peer communication, Ethereum does not adopt UDP as a standard method for block propagation.

In this article, we will delve into the reasons behind Ethereum’s choice of TCP over UDP, examining the theoretical and practical aspects behind this decision.

TCP: The Champion of Reliability

TCP is a trustless protocol designed to guarantee delivery and error correction. It uses multiple layers of connection establishment and teardown, packet sequencing, and retransmission to ensure data integrity. While UDP is generally considered to be more reliable due to its lack of guarantee, TCP’s robustness provides peace of mind for applications requiring high availability.

Ethereum’s transition from TCP to UDP was likely a deliberate design choice rather than a purely technical one. One possible reason is the emphasis on scalability and performance over reliability. By using TCP for block propagation, Ethereum can potentially reduce latency and increase throughput by avoiding unnecessary retransmissions.

UDP: The Champion of Reliability

Ethereum: Why doesn’t Bitcoin use UDP to do Blockpropagation?

As mentioned above, UDP is designed to provide low-latency, high-throughput communication, making it a popular choice for applications such as streaming services and online gaming. While UDP may not be as reliable as TCP, its advantages make it an attractive option for Ethereum’s block propagation needs.

Furthermore, current packet loss rates on modern Internet connections are relatively low. According to recent studies, packet loss rates in the range of 1-5% are common on various networks. Even if some packets are lost, peers can simply request retransmissions or use a combination of TCP and UDP for added reliability.

Practical Considerations

Before making this change, it is critical to consider practicalities:

Network Congestion: When the network is congested, UDP’s lack of guarantee makes it harder to ensure data integrity. In such cases, TCP may be more suitable.

Network Latency: While UDP is generally faster than TCP, its lower overhead and simpler protocol can result in higher latency. This might not be a major concern for Ethereum, given current improvements in internet speed.

Conclusion

Ethereum’s decision to use TCP over UDP as the standard method for block propagation is likely driven by performance considerations, scalability goals, and an emphasis on reliability rather than strict technical requirements. While UDP provides high-throughput, low-latency communication, its lack of guarantee makes it less suitable for applications where data integrity is paramount.

As the Ethereum network continues to evolve, this protocol choice may be revised or refined in response to changing network conditions and emerging use cases.

Additional Resources

Ethereum 2.0: The Transition from TCP to UDP

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Theoretical Foundations of UDP and TCP

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This article provides an in-depth analysis of Ethereum’s choice of protocol for block propagation. By considering both the theoretical and practical aspects, we can better understand the reasoning behind this decision and appreciate the complexities involved in designing distributed systems.

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